OR
ROMAN?
Which term is the correct one?
Which are the differences between Rome and Byzantium?
The medieval part of Roman Empire is known as Byzantine Empire. But the term Roman Empire is also popular, mostly among English speaking countries. Which one of these terms is the most accurate?Roman Empire, Roman Emperor, Romans, Romania, Ρωμιοί are some of the terms that the people of those years were using in order to describe themselves. Actually, they used to consider themselves as the only ones entitled to use this term – title, as they considered themselves as the natural inheritors of the Roman Empire. The other countries accepted this priority in using the title, although they often didn’t agree.
Byzantine Empire is a term first used during the 18th century in order to describe the medieval Roman Empire. This term was never used by the Byzantines themselves. Nevertheless, this term has a clear advantage. This advantage is that it distinguishes clearly the two states, the ancient from the medieval. This distinction is essential, in my opinion, and for this reason I personally prefer it. This term signifies in the same time all the reasons that make the medieval Roman empire a unique state.
Let’s check which are the factors that give to Byzantium his unique character. These reasons are three.
First of all, an obvious factor is the existence of the second state during Middle Ages, 330 A.D – 1453 A.D. and not during Antiquity0
Second factor is the Greek language and culture. Despite Rome having its own language, Latin and culture, Byzantium adopts really early the Greek language as the official one of the state and spoken of the majority of its residences. Justinian published his new laws, “The young ones” , Nεαραί, in Greek on 534 A.D. . On 1453 Constantine XI , Palaioologos answers to the sultan Mohamed II before the Fall of Constantinople just in Greek, while he calls himself “Emperor of the Romans”. The Greek language was the international language of the whole East since the Hellenistic Years, the New Testimony is written in Greek by Jewish authors. What’s more, Greek literature and philosophy were cultivated and conserved during the whole period of Byzantine Era, even in a peculiar form.

The third and most important factor that differentiates Rome from Byzantium is Christianity. The Christian Religion effected very much the life of the people of Middle Ages. Christianity dominated not only in the religious field but also in the political field. Through religion the medieval people expressed also their political will and opinion. The most important political events of the Byzantine Era have to do with the Christian Church and Religion. Religion was, generally, a factor which had a huge impact in people’s lives during Middle Ages.
The combination of Christianity and Greek civilization produced a new culture which became the connecting tissue between the people and the nationalities existing in the Empire. We should never forget that Byzantine Empire was a multicultural state including a big number of nations, Armenians, Greeks, Slabs, Albanians, Bulgarians and many others. The Christian – Greek culture was keeping all these populations united and it gave them their unique identity. In the same time, we should never consider in any way the Greek populations were superiors than the other ones of the Empire.
All the above factors gave to the Roman Empire from 330 A.D. till 1453 A.D. its unique character, the duration during the Middle Ages, Christianity and the Greek- Christian culture. A character so different than the older one of Rome, that we are allowed to talk about the glory of BYZANTIUM.
Resources of images : Μέγας Κωνσταντίνoς - Βικιπαίδεια (wikipedia.org), ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ Ε' ΔΗΜΟΤΙΚΟΥ - ΣΤΑ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ ΧΡΟΝΙΑ (ebooks.edu.gr), Το υλικό - Διαπολιτισμική εκπαίδευση των παιδιών της μουσουλμανικής μειονότητας στη Θράκη (museduc.gr)